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Fetterman Fight
The Fetterman Fight, also known as the Fetterman Massacre or Battle of the Hundred Slain, was a battle during Red Cloud's War on December 21, 1866, between the Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians and soldiers of the United States Army. All 81 men under the command of Captain William J. Fetterman were killed by the Indians. At the time, it was the worst military disaster ever suffered by the U.S. Army on the Great Plains. The battle led to an Indian victory, with the U. S. forces withdrawing from the area.
==Background==
In June 1866, Colonel Henry B. Carrington advanced from Fort Laramie into the Powder River country, the hunting grounds of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Northern Arapaho. His orders were to protect the emigrants traveling west along the Bozeman Trail. Carrington had 700 soldiers and 300 civilians in his command. He established three forts along the trail, including his headquarters at Fort Phil Kearny, near present day Buffalo, Wyoming. About 400 of his soldiers and most of the civilians were stationed at Fort Kearny.〔Brown, Dee. ''The Fetterman Massacre'' Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962, p. 158〕
During the next few months, while Fort Kearny was under construction, Carrington suffered about 50 Indian attacks, which killed a total of over 20 soldiers and civilians.〔McDermott, John D. '' A Guide to Indians Wars of the West'' Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998, p.156〕 The Native American warriors, invariably mounted, generally appeared in groups of from 20 to 100.〔Vaughn, J. W. ''Indian Fights: New Facts on Seven Encounters.'' Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966, p. 26〕 Several of Carrington's junior officers pressed him to take the offensive. They increased their urging after November 3, when a a cavalry company of 63 men arrived to reinforce the post. Leading the cavalrymen was Lieutenant Horatio S. Bingham. He was accompanied by infantry Captains William J. Fetterman and James W. Powell. Both had been assigned to Fort Kearney from the 18th Infantry's headquarters at Fort Laramie. Bingham and Fetterman were Civil War veterans, while Fetterman had a distinguished war record.〔Brown, pp. 147–150〕
Even though he had no experience fighting Indians, Fetterman was critical of Carrington's defensive posture and contemptuous of his Indian foe. He allegedly boasted, "Give me 80 men and I can ride through the whole Sioux nation."〔Calitri, Shannon Smith. Give me Eighty Men': Shattering the Myth of the Fetterman Massacre" ''Montana: The Magazine of Western History'' Vol. 54, No. 3 (Autumn 2004), p. 46〕 Many other officers shared Fetterman's feelings. Shortly after his arrival at Fort Kearny, Carrington gave Fetterman permission to attempt a night ambush. However, the Indians saw through it and instead stampeded a herd of the cattle on the bank of the Powder River opposite Fetterman's intended trap. On November 22, Fetterman himself almost fell into an Indian ambush. He had accompanied an escort that guarded a wagon train gathering firewood and construction timber for Fort Kearny. A single Indian appeared, trying to entice the soldiers into chasing him into the woods. Lieutenant Bisbee, commanding the wagon train, sensibly took cover instead of pursuing the bait.〔Brown, pp. 150–156〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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